#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
//declare and identify variables
float a,b;
float c;
//Initialize the variables
a=5.1;
b=6.1;
//Perform processing c <-- a+b
c=a+b;
printf("The sum of %.1f and %.1f is %.f \n", a,b,c);
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
//declare and identify variables
int a,b;
int c;
//Initialize the variables
a=5;
b=6;
//Perform processing c <-- a+b
c=a+b;
printf("The sum of %d and %d is %d \n", a,b,c);
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
//declare and identify variables
int a,b;
int c;
//Initialize the variables
a=5;
b=6;
//Perform processing c <-- a+b
c=a+b;
}
4. Give your project a title and optionally select a folder where you want the project to be created. In this case we use “Upper camel case”` : “0001-MyFirstProgram”
5.Leave all settings as default and choose finish:
6. Open main.c from the tree on the left. [1] Expand sources, [2]then double click on “main.c”.
7. Click on Build, and choose build and run.
8. Your code is now built to an executable file, and the program is executed in the console window:
Exercises
What happens when “Hello world!\n” is changed to “Hello world!” and the program is run?
Definition: Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors in program code.
Definition: Factoring (Decomposition) is the breaking of a complex task to its atomized sub parts. The goal of factoring is to reach a level of detail that can be represented in an algorithm and eventually programming code.
Definition: Refactoring – Changing program code’s structure to improve readability or efficiency without changing it’s behavior; or, to change a code’s factoring
Instructions
Copy and paste the following code into the main.c file of a new project:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
float a,b,c,D,root1,root2;
printf("Please enter a value for a...\n");
scanf("%f",a);
printf("Please enter a value for b...\n");
scanf("%f",&b);
printf("Please enter a value for c...\n");
scanf("%f",&c);
printf("\n");
D=(b*b)-(4*a*c);
if(D<0)
{
printf("no roots\n Exiting program...\n");
}
else if (D=0)
{
root1=(b*b)/(2*a);
printf("Equation has only one root = %.2f \n Exiting program...\n ");
}
else
{
root1=((b*b)-sqrt(D))(2*a);
root2=((b*b)+sqrt(D))/(2*a);
printf("Roots are %.2f and %.2f \n Exiting program...\n",root1,root2);
}
return 1;
}
Debug your program so that it produces correct results in all cases.
Modify your code to use functions.
Move the code for calculating the Discriminant into another function. Do this by
Create a new function,which returns the value of the discriminant. The new function should implement the function declaration: float discriminant (acoef,bcoef,ccoeff);
Change the line which contains D=(b*b)-(4*a*c); to D=discriminant(a,b,c);
Move the code for calculating root 1 and root 2 into 2 separate functions. To do this, you must create suitable function declarations and accompanying function declarations which can accomplish the task.
Attempt the 2 c programming exercises below. If you are having a hard time starting, try:
Examining the solution the exercise 2 for guidance.
Attempt exercise 1 (no solution was provided here)
Ideally, attempt exercise 2 without looking at the solution.
Exercise.
1. Create a program which accepts the radius for a circle/sphere and outputs the volume and maximum cross sectional area. Your program must prompt for input, and produce relevant results.
2. Given the coefficient a b and c of a quadratic equation in the form y=ax^2+bx+c output the solution to the equation when y=0
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
float a,b,c,D,root1,root2;
printf("Please enter a value for a...\n");
scanf("%f",&a);
printf("Please enter a value for b...\n");
scanf("%f",&b);
printf("Please enter a value for c...\n");
scanf("%f",&c);
printf("\n");
D=(b*b)-(4*a*c);
if(D<0)
{
printf("no roots\n Exiting program...\n");
}
else if (D==0)
{
root1=(-b)/(2*a);
printf("Equation has only one root = %.2f \n Exiting program...\n ");
}
else
{
root1=((-b)-sqrt(D))/(2*a);
root2=((-b)+sqrt(D))/(2*a);
printf("Roots are %.2f and %.2f \n Exiting program...\n",root1,root2);
}
return 1;
}
Strategy for Coding using Exercise 1 as an example
When processing text data , either from a text file or input entered via the keyboard, we sometimes need to check the data to see if it’s an integer first, then use it for processing.
In this example, we ask our user to enter a valid integer and we output the square of the integer:
/*
we ask our user to enter a valid integer
and we output the square of the integer
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int inputInteger; //string used to store user input
int inputSquared;// used to store the square of a valid integer.
printf("Enter an Integer value....\n");
scanf("\n%d",&inputInteger);//get input from user
printf("You entered : %d\n", inputInteger);
inputSquared = inputInteger*inputInteger;//find square
printf("\n%d squared is %d\n",inputInteger, inputSquared);
printf("\nSuccess! Exiting program\n");
return 0;
}
This code works when we enter valid input , in this case the user enters 12:
However, if the user enters alpha text data, we get strange results:
A simple fix…
To fix this issue we adhere to 2 rules:
Read all text data as character strings, and then
use the atoi(…) function to convert the string to a valid integer
The previous example can be fixed by using the rules above applied to the current situation:
Read all text data as character strings, and then
use the atoi(…) function to TRY to convert the string to a valid integer
If the user had entered alpha text data, generate an error message, prompt the user to re-enter the data, and go to step 1, otherwise :
Calculate the valid output.
Below is the code…
/*
this programs shows how to validate user input as integers.
if the user enters a valid integer, we output the square of the integer,
otherwise we output an error message and prompt the user to re enter a valid integer
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h> //in order touse true and false
int main()
{
char input[50]; //string used to store user input
int inputAsAnInteger;//used store the converted input as an integer
int inputSquared;// used to store the square of a valid integer.
while(true)//loop 'infinitely'
{
printf("Enter an Integer value....\n");
scanf("%s",&input);//get input from user
printf("You entered : %s\n", input);
inputAsAnInteger=atoi(input);//convert input to integer
if (inputAsAnInteger==0)//if the input is not a number......
{
printf("Invalid input entered\n\n");
}
else//input is a number
{
inputSquared = inputAsAnInteger*inputAsAnInteger;//find square
printf("\n%d squared is %d\n",inputAsAnInteger, inputSquared);
printf("\nSuccess! Exiting program\n");
break;//exit 'infinite' loop.
}
}
return 0;
}
And a sample run shown below with invalid input and valid input:
However, note that atoi(…) returns 0 when 0 is entered or invalid input entered, an edge case which produces erroneous results:
Fixing the fix…
This problem can be solved by checking every digit in the input string to see if they are all digits, before converting to string. In this way, we cater for a correct result if the text data “0” is entered.
Our rules to fix the problem now becomes:
Read all text data as character strings, and then
Check eack character of the string to ensure they’re all digits, then
use the atoi(…) function to convert the string to a valid integer
This code uses a function which performs that check:
/*
this programs shows how to validate user input as integers.
if the user enters a valid integer, we output the square of the integer,
otherwise we output an error message and prompt the user to re enter a valid integer
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h> //in order to use true and false
#include <ctype.h> // in order to use the isdigit function.
bool isNumber(char* stringArray);
int main()
{
char input[50]; //string used to store user input
int inputAsAnInteger;//used store the converted input as an integer
int inputSquared;// used to store the square of a valid integer.
while(true)//loop 'infinitely'
{
printf("Enter an Integer value....\n");
scanf("%s",&input);//get input from user
printf("You entered : %s\n", input);
if (!isNumber(input))//if the input is not a number......
{
printf("Invalid input entered\n\n");
}
else//input is a number
{
inputAsAnInteger=atoi(input);//convert input to integer
inputSquared = inputAsAnInteger*inputAsAnInteger;//find square
printf("\n%d squared is %d\n",inputAsAnInteger, inputSquared);
printf("\nSuccess! Exiting program\n");
break;//exit 'infinite' loop.
}
}
return 0;
}
bool isNumber(char* stringArray)
{
//go through each character
//location in the array until
//we reach the null character (end of input)
for (int i = 0; stringArray[i]!='\000'; i++)
{
if(isdigit(stringArray[i])==0)//if the current character is not a digit....
return false; //return false and end function here
}
return true;//return true since the entire array contained numeric characters
}
Now, we get correct results in all cases:
Conclusion And Thoughts
The basic strategy for checking for integer input, is to read all input as text and use the atoi(…) function to try converting the input whilst performing error checking.
To best understand the coded examples, I insist that you use the data in the sample runs to :
perform a dry run as well as
step through each line of code by running the code in debug mode .
The examples above contain minimal explanation, is intended pre-class preparation and presentation in our classroom where we can have a broader discussion and I can answer any questions that you may have.
Code is split into various C and Header files as shown in the screen capture below:
LibrarySystemExample-Files
See the Contents of the code files below:
main.c
/*
This program demonstrates how a menu driven
system can be used to trigger functions used
to maintain a simple library catalog.
Data is loaded to and from a binary file.
Date : 16th November 2019
Author : Vedesh Kungebeharry
*/
#include "MenuSystem.h"
#include "CatalogSystem.h"
//function declarations
void initialization();
void exitProgram();
int main()
{
initialization();
runMainMenu();
exitProgram();
return 0;
}
void initialization()
{
menuInitialization();
loadCatalogFromFile();
}
void exitProgram()
{
saveCatalogToFile();
exitProgramMenu();
}
CatalogSystem.h
#include <stdbool.h>
#ifndef CATALOGSYSTEM_H_INCLUDED
#define CATALOGSYSTEM_H_INCLUDED
//#include "CatalogSystem.c"
//structures
typedef struct BookStructure
{
char Title [50];
char Author [50];
int Year;
bool isOnLoan;
bool hasData;
} Book;
//function declarations
void printBookByLocation(int location);
void printBook(Book b);
int findBook(char searchQuery[]);
void printAllBooks();
int addBook(Book newBook);
//file function declaration
void saveCatalogToFile();
bool loadCatalogFromFile();
//functions for testing
void setupDummyData();
#endif // CATALOGSYSTEM_H_INCLUDED
CatalogSystem.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "CatalogSystem.h"
#define maxSize 1000
//constants
const char catalogFilename[50] = "catalog.bin";
//global variables
Book catalog[maxSize];
int count = 0;
FILE *datafilePtr;
//prints a book stored at a given index in the catalog array
void printBookByLocation(int location)
{
printBook(catalog[location]);
}
void printBook(Book b)
{
if (b.hasData)
{
printf("Title:\t%s\n",b.Title);
printf("Author:\t%s\n",b.Author);
printf("Year:\t%d\n",b.Year);
printf("Loaned? : \t%s\n\n",b.isOnLoan?"Yes":"No");
//printf("hasData: \t%s\n\n", b.hasData?"Yes":"No");
}
else
{
printf("\nNo book found at current index location...\n");
}
}
int addBook(Book newBook)
{
newBook.hasData=true;
catalog[count]=newBook;//place book in next
//empty location in the array
count++;//increment count to point to the
//next empty location.
return count-1;
}
void printAllBooks()
{
if(count==0)
{
printf("\nNo books in catalog\n");
}
else
{
for (int i = 0; i<count;i++)
printBook(catalog[i]);
}
}
//finds a book by searching for titles that contain a substring of the query.
//this function finds the first positive result only
int findBook(char searchQuery[])
{
for( int i = 0; i<count; i++)
{
char currentBookTitle[50];
char lowercaseSearchQuery[50];
strcpy(currentBookTitle,catalog[i].Title);
strcpy(lowercaseSearchQuery,searchQuery);
strlwr(currentBookTitle);
strlwr(lowercaseSearchQuery);
if(strstr(currentBookTitle, lowercaseSearchQuery))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
void saveCatalogToFile()
{
datafilePtr = fopen(catalogFilename,"wb");
if (datafilePtr == NULL)
{
//unable to create file
printf("Error creating file to save data\n");
exit(1);
}
else
{
fwrite(&count,sizeof(int),1,datafilePtr) ;
for(int i = 0; i<count; i++)
{
fwrite(&catalog[i],sizeof(Book),1,datafilePtr) ;
}
}
fclose(datafilePtr);
}
bool loadCatalogFromFile()
{
datafilePtr = fopen(catalogFilename,"rb");
if (datafilePtr == NULL)
{
//unable to create file
printf("Datafile not found...Catalog empty\n");
printf("A new save file will be created during exit or manual save....\n");
return false;
}
else
{
fread(&count,sizeof(int),1,datafilePtr);
for(int i = 0; i<count; i++)
{
fread(&catalog[i],sizeof(Book),1,datafilePtr) ;
}
}
fclose(datafilePtr);
return true;
}
void setupDummyData()
{
Book a=
{
.Title = "ATitle",
.Author = "AAuthor",
.Year = 2006 ,
.isOnLoan=false
};
Book b=
{
.Title = "BTitle",
.Author = "BAuthor",
.Year = 2006 ,
.isOnLoan=false
};
Book c=
{
.Title = "CTitle",
.Author = "CAuthor",
.Year = 2006 ,
.isOnLoan=false
};
addBook(a);
addBook(b);
addBook(c);
saveCatalogToFile();
}
#include <time.h> // for pause()
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <conio.h> //for getch()
#include <string.h>
#include <windows.h> //for SetColor()
#include "MenuSystem.h"
#include "CatalogSystem.h"
/*See: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29574849/how-to-change-text-color-and-console-color-in-codeblocks
system("Color F0");
Letter Represents Background Color while the number represents the text color.
0 = Black
1 = Blue
2 = Green
3 = Aqua
4 = Red
5 = Purple
6 = Yellow
7 = White
8 = Gray
9 = Light Blue
A = Light Green
B = Light Aqua
C = Light Red
D = Light Purple
E = Light Yellow
F = Bright White
*/
//global static variables
char choice;
/*
*initialize all instance variables and arrays here
*
*/
void menuInitialization()
{
choice = '_';
}
//displays the main menu and accepts input
void runMainMenu()
{
int pauseDuration = 2000;
int sentinel=0;//used to break out of our menu loop
while (sentinel>=0)//loop menu here
{
showMainMenu();//display menu text
choice = getch();//get a character from the input buffer
system("@cls");// clear screen after getting input
switch (choice)//based on the choice take the desired action
{
case '1': printf("\nList all books\n");
printAllBooksUserInteraction();
break;
case '2': printf("\nAdd a new book...\n");
AddNewBookUserInteraction();
break;
case '3': SaveLoadUserInteraction();
break;
case 'q': printf("\nYou chose to quit\n");
sentinel=-1;//update the sentinel so that looping will cease
break;
case 'Q': printf("\nYou chose to quit\n");//cease if upper case
sentinel=-1;
break;
default:
printf("\nYou have entered an option that is not in the menu\n");
pause(pauseDuration);
break;
}
if(sentinel>=0)//if we have continued regular execution , continue looping
{
system("@cls");//clear last screen
}
}
}
//shows and accepts input for the math sub menu
void runSaveLoadMenu()
{
int pauseDuration = 2000;
int sentinel=0;
while (sentinel>=0)
{
showSaveLoadMenu();//show options
choice = getch();//get a character from the input buffer
system("@cls");//clear screen
switch (choice)
{
case '1': printf("\n\tSaving All Changes...\n");
saveCatalogToFile();
printf("\n\tSaving Complete...\n");
system("pause");
break;
case '2': printf("\n\tLoading last save...\n");
if(loadCatalogFromFile())//if a catalog datafile exists....
printf("\n\tLoading Complete...\n");
system("pause");
break;
case 'r': //printf("\n\tYou chose to quit\n");
sentinel=-1;
break;
case 'R': //printf("\n\tYou chose to quit\n");
sentinel=-1;
break;
default:
printf("\n\tYou have entered an option that is not in the menu\n");
printf("\n\tReturning to the save menu in %.2lf seconds\n",pauseDuration/1000.00);
pause(pauseDuration);
break;
}
system("@cls");
}
}
void showMainMenu()
{
int animationDelayMS=50;
system("color F1");//set background color to bright white
SetColor(13);//change foreground color of text
//Ascii art generated at:http://patorjk.com/software/taag/#p=display&h=1&v=1&f=Doom&t=Main%20Menu%20
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("___ ___ _ ___ ___ \n");
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("| \\/ | (_) | \\/ | \n");
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("| . . | __ _ _ _ __ | . . | ___ _ __ _ _ \n");
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("| |\\/| | / _` || || '_ \\ | |\\/| | / _ \\| '_ \\ | | | | \n");
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("| | | || (_| || || | | | | | | || __/| | | || | \n");
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("\\_| |_/ \\__,_||_||_| \\_| |_/ \\___||_| \\__,_| \n");
SetColor(3);;//change foreground color of text
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("\n\n1. List all books in Catalog\n");
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("2. Add a new book\n");
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("3. Manually Save or Revert to last save\n");
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("Q. Quit \n");
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("\nPlease select an option...");
}
void showSaveLoadMenu()
{
int animationDelayMS=100;
SetColor(12);
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("\n\tSave / Revert to last save...\n");
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("\t1. Save Changes\n");
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("\t2. Load Data from Last save\n");
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("\tR. Return to main menu \n");
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("\n\tPlease select an option...");
}
//pauses execution
void pause(int milliseconds)
{
clock_t now = clock();
while(clock()< now+milliseconds);
}
void exitProgramMenu()
{
printf("\nExiting program in 2 seconds...\n");
pause(2000);
}
void printAllBooksUserInteraction()
{
printf("\nPrinting all books\n");
printAllBooks();
system("Pause");
}
void SaveLoadUserInteraction()
{
runSaveLoadMenu();
}
void AddNewBookUserInteraction()
{
char theTitle[50];
char theAuthor[50];
int theYear;
Book newBook;
printf("\nEnter the Book's Title...\n");
fflush(stdin);
gets(theTitle);
printf("\nEnter the Author's Name...\n");
gets(theAuthor);
printf("\nEnter Year\n");
scanf(" %d",&theYear);
strcpy(newBook.Title,theTitle);
strcpy(newBook.Author,theAuthor);
newBook.Year=theYear;
newBook.isOnLoan=false;
int catalogLocation = addBook(newBook);
SetColor(0);
printf("\nNew Book Created:\n");
printBookByLocation(catalogLocation);
system("pause");
}
//See:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29574849/how-to-change-text-color-and-console-color-in-codeblocks
void ClearConsoleToColors(int ForgC, int BackC)
{
WORD wColor = ((BackC & 0x0F) << 4) + (ForgC & 0x0F);
//Get the handle to the current output buffer...
HANDLE hStdOut = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
//This is used to reset the carat/cursor to the top left.
COORD coord = {0, 0};
//A return value... indicating how many chars were written
// not used but we need to capture this since it will be
// written anyway (passing NULL causes an access violation).
DWORD count;
//This is a structure containing all of the console info
// it is used here to find the size of the console.
CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO csbi;
//Here we will set the current color
SetConsoleTextAttribute(hStdOut, wColor);
if(GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(hStdOut, &csbi))
{
//This fills the buffer with a given character (in this case 32=space).
FillConsoleOutputCharacter(hStdOut, (TCHAR) 32, csbi.dwSize.X * csbi.dwSize.Y, coord, &count);
FillConsoleOutputAttribute(hStdOut, csbi.wAttributes, csbi.dwSize.X * csbi.dwSize.Y, coord, &count );
//This will set our cursor position for the next print statement.
SetConsoleCursorPosition(hStdOut, coord);
}
return;
}
//See:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29574849/how-to-change-text-color-and-console-color-in-codeblocks
void SetColor(int ForgC)
{
WORD wColor;
//This handle is needed to get the current background attribute
HANDLE hStdOut = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO csbi;
//csbi is used for wAttributes word
if(GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(hStdOut, &csbi))
{
//To mask out all but the background attribute, and to add the color
wColor = (csbi.wAttributes & 0xF0) + (ForgC & 0x0F);
SetConsoleTextAttribute(hStdOut, wColor);
}
return;
}
In this post , we observe some code which establishes a menu driven interface and shows we can implement data processing from the menus.
This code will be demonstrated in class tomorrow.
See the code below:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
/*
Demonstrates a 2 level menu with
a simple data processing cycle
When faced with the main menu, select 1 then 1 again to
execute the process of calculating area.
Author: Vedesh Kungebeharry
*/
//constants
const double Pi=3.14;
//global static variables
char choice;
//function declarations
void initialization();
void showMainMenu();
void showMathMenu();
void runMainMenu();
void runMathMenu();
void pause();
void exitProgram();
void AreaOfCircleUserInteraction();
double AreaOfCircle(double radius);
//main flow of control from process to process
int main()
{
initialization();
runMainMenu();
exitProgram();
return 0;
}
/*
*initialize all instance variables and arrays here
*
*/
void initialization()
{
choice = '_';
}
//displays the main menu and accepts input
void runMainMenu()
{
int sentinel=0;//used to break out of our menu loop
while (sentinel>=0)//loop menu here
{
showMainMenu();//display menu text
choice = getch();//get a character from the input buffer
system("@cls");// clear screen after getting input
switch (choice)//based on the choice take the desired action
{
case '1': printf("\nYou chose Option 1: Math Calculations\n");
runMathMenu();//displays the math sub menu and accepts input
break;
case '2': printf("\nYou chose option 2\n");
break;
case '3': printf("\nYou chose option 3\n");
break;
case 'q': printf("\nYou chose to quit\n");
sentinel=-1;//update the sentinel so that looping will cease
break;
case 'Q': printf("\nYou chose to quit\n");//cease if upper case
sentinel=-1;
break;
default:
printf("\nYou have entered an option that is not in the menu\n");
break;
}
if(sentinel>=0)//if we have continued regular execution , continue looping
{
printf("\nreturning to main menu in 2 seconds...\n");
pause(2000);
system("@cls");
}
}
}
//shows and accepts input for the math sub menu
void runMathMenu()
{
int sentinel=0;
while (sentinel>=0)
{
showMathMenu();//show options
choice = getch();//get a character from the input buffer
system("@cls");
switch (choice)
{
case '1': printf("\nYou chose option 1: Area\n");
AreaOfCircleUserInteraction();//start interaction to calculate area
break;
case '2': printf("\nYou chose option 2\n");
break;
case 'r': printf("\nYou chose to quit\n");
sentinel=-1;
break;
case 'R': printf("\nYou chose to quit\n");
sentinel=-1;
break;
default:
printf("\nYou have entered an option that is not in the menu\n");
break;
}
printf("\nreturning to Math menu in 2 seconds...\n");
pause(2000);
system("@cls");
}
}
void showMainMenu()
{
printf("1. Option 1: Math Calculations\n");
printf("2. Option 2\n");
printf("3. Option 3\n");
printf("Q. Quit \n");
printf("\nPlease select an option...");
}
void showMathMenu()
{
printf("1. Area of circle\n");
printf("2. Volume of Circle\n");
printf("R. Return to main menu \n");
printf("\nPlease select an option...");
}
//pauses execution
void pause(int milliseconds)
{
clock_t now = clock();
while(clock()< now+milliseconds);
}
//prompt user to enter data and output results
void AreaOfCircleUserInteraction()
{
double area,radius=-999.99;
printf("Enter the radius...");
scanf(" %lf", &radius);
area=AreaOfCircle(radius);
printf("\nThe area of a circle of radius \t%.2lf is \t%.2lf\n\n",radius,area);
system("pause");
}
//helper function to calculate area
double AreaOfCircle(double radius)
{
return Pi*radius*radius;
}
//exit gracefully
void exitProgram()
{
printf("\nExiting program in 2 seconds...\n");
pause(2000);
}
| \n");
pause(animationDelayMS);printf("\\_| |_/ \\__,_||_||_| 
Island Class 