Part a(i)

Handles Host to host communication on the subnet (subnetwork to subnetwork, thus implementing a wide area network) level occurs here using packets. Packets are routed from host to host across the subnets or within a single subnet. Separate subnets may be implemented with differing protocols, the network layer will overcome these challenges by modifying packets to conform to the various protocols.

Feedback to students from class notes

• Analogy: Sending a large quantity of flour from one country to the next with varying units (kg vs llbs) and customs rules
  
  
• Logical addressing occurs at this protocol (ip addresses , IP protocol suite)

Part a(ii)

Here is  where raw data is transferred over the physical mediums which make up the network, protocol example : RS-232-C

Feedback to students from class notes

(See this video¹)

Part a(iii)

The application layer is where applications communicate with each other through high level protocols e.g HTTP, FTP.  The application itself is only responsible for adhering to those protocols and not responsible for routing, sequencing etc that is required to send information through the lower layers which make up the network infrastructure.

Part b

Difficult to guess

Contains a combination of Uppercase and lowercase letters

Contains Special Characters

Is sufficiently long

Can be remembered easily by its creator even though it is difficult to guess.

(See this note²)

Part c

Any of the 3 responses below:

• By using a network repeater to rebroadcast the signal.
• By using a network boosters to amplify wireless signals
• By upgrading the medium to one with less signal attenuation, e.g coaxial to fibre optic.

Part d

Router with access to internet, all other devices connected to the router similar to the diagram below

Footnotes

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eo9dbnrpspM ↩︎
2. https://islandclass.org/2021/01/20/creating-and-managing-passwords-online/ ↩︎

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